-
1 ἄν
ἄν (A), [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ep., Lyr., [dialect] Ion., Arc., [dialect] Att.; also κεν) [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Aeol., Thess., κᾱ [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Boeot., El.; the two combined in [dialect] Ep. (infr. D. 11.2) and Arc.,Aεἰκ ἄν IG5(2).6.2
, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε ([etym.] ν) with the relative.A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come.I WITH INDICATIVE:1 with historical tenses, generally [tense] impf. and [tense] aor., less freq. [tense] plpf., never [tense] pf., v. infr.,a most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The [tense] impf. with ἄν refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perh. . 178; later also in [tense] pres. time, first in Thgn.905; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, Pl.R. 489a; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, Th.1.9. The [tense] aor. strictly refers only to past time, Pi.N.11.24, etc.; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, D.4.5, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said,εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν S.Ant. 755
, cf. Pl.Smp. 199d, Euthphr. 12d, etc.: the [tense] plpf. refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt.., ib. 14c;εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει Antipho 4.2.3
.b the protasis is freq. understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), Il.4.421; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), Th.1.11; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, Pl.R. 374d; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), D.18.43.c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, Od.4.546; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, Ar. Ra. 1022; esp. with τάχα, q. v., ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, S.OT 523; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (sc. διέβησαν ) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, Th.6.2, cf. Pl.Phdr. 265b.d ἄν is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sts. for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, E.Hec. 1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.2 with [tense] fut. ind.:a frequently in [dialect] Ep., usu. with κεν, rarely ἄν, Il.9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι and he will likely be angry to whom- soever I shall come, ib.1.139; καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει and in that case men will say, 4.176;ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω Od.3.80
; so in Lyr.,μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ Pi.N.7.68
, cf. I.6(5).59.b rarely in codd. of [dialect] Att. Prose writers,σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε Th.1.140
;οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο Pl.R. 615d
, cf. Ap. 29c, X.An.2.5.13; dub. in Hp.Mul.2.174: in later Prose, Philostr. V A2.21, S E.M.9.225: also in Poetry, E.El. 484, Ar.Av. 1313;οὐκ ἂν προδώσω Herod.6.36
(corr. - δοίην):— for ἄν with [tense] fut. inf. and part. v. infr.II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in [dialect] Ep., the meaning being the same as with the [tense] fut. ind. (1.2a), freq. with [ per.] 1st pers., as εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι in that case I will take her myself, Il.1.324; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, 14.235 (the subj. is always introduced by δέ in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, , al.III WITH OPTATIVE (never [tense] fut., rarely [tense] pf. πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; X.Smp.3.6):a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a [tense] fut. condition:ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28
;οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; Pl.Phd. 68b
:—in Hom. [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. opt. with κε or ἄν are sts. used like [tense] impf. and [tense] aor. ind. with ἄν in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., Il.5.311, cf. 5.388, 17.70; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., ib.23.274: so rarely in Trag., οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος (for εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) E.Med. 568.b with protasis in [tense] pres. or [tense] fut., the opt. with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, Th.1.142, cf. 2.60, Pl.Ap. 25b, R. 333e;ἢν οὖν μάθῃς.. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην Ar.Nu. 116
, cf. D.1.26, al.c with protasis understood:φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ Od.10.269
; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, X. Cyr.8.2.21; τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε.. ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, Il.12.447; , cf. D.2.8: in Hom. sts. with ref. to past time, .d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, D.20.129; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like , Lat. velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν; which way then can we turn? Pl.Euthd. 290a; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, Ar.Ra. 830; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, Th.1.9; εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, Hdt.1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη, i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), Pl.R. 333e.e in questions, expressing a wish:τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοίη; S.OC 1100
, cf.A.Ag. 1448;πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; S.Aj. 389
: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, ; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), S.Ant. 444; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, El. 1491; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε hear me now, Phoebus, ib. 637; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, Pl.Phlb. 23c, 48b.f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, Id.Prt. 329b; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), D.4.18, cf. X.Mem.1.5.3, Plot.6.4.16.g rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis: , cf. 14.123, Il.5.303; also in Trag.,θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις E.Hipp. 1186
;τεὰν δύνασιν τίς.. κατάσχοι; S.Ant. 605
.h ἄν c. [tense] fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. 1.2b), as τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι ( ἐπαινέσαι Bekk.) Pl.Lg. 719e; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο ( οὐδένα Bekk.) Lys.1.22.IV WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part.,τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι Pl.R. 577b
) representing ind. or opt.:1 [tense] pres. inf. or part.:a representing [tense] impf. ind., οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν; do you think he would not have kept them safe? ([etym.] οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), D.49.35; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, Th.1.73, cf. 4.40.b representing [tense] pres. opt., πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ' ἄν)ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω D. 18.258
, cf. X.An.2.3.18: with Art., .2 [tense] aor. inf. or part.:a representing [tense] aor. ind., οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν; do you not think he would even have run thither? ([etym.] καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), D.27.56; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, Th.1.76, cf. 3.89; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, X.Mem.4.4.4.b representing [tense] aor. opt., οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land ([etym.] οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), Th.6.37, cf. 2.20; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν ([etym.] ληφθείη ἄν) Id.7.42; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen ([etym.] ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), Id.6.38.3 [tense] pf. inf. or part. representing:a [tense] plpf. ind., πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι ([etym.] φήσειεν ἄν ) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians ([etym.] ἑαλώκη ἄν), D.19.312.b [tense] pf. opt., οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered ([etym.] δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., Lys.27.9.4 [tense] fut. inf.or part., never in [dialect] Ep., and prob. always corrupt in [dialect] Att., νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (leg. - ῆσαι) Th.5.82, cf. 6.66, 8.25,71; part. is still more exceptional, (codd.), cf. D.19.342 (v. l.); both are found in later Gk.,νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα Plb.8.30.8
, cf. Plu.Marc.15, Arr.An.2.2.3; with part., Epicur. Nat.14.1, Luc.Asin.26, Lib.Or.62.21, dub. l. in Arr.An.6.6.5.I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν ([etym.] ᾱ) (q. v.): Hom. has generally εἴ κε (or αἴ κε), sts. ἤν, onceεἰ δ' ἄν Il.3.288
, twiceεἴπερ ἄν 5.224
, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of [tense] fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς .. if thus thou shalt do.., ib.2.364; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., E.Alc. 671.2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, cf. ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν ([dialect] Ion. ἐπεάν) , ἐπειδάν: Hom. has ὅτε κε (sts. ὅτ' ἄν) , ὁππότε κε (sts. ὁπότ' ἄν or ὁππότ' ἄν) , ἐπεί κε (ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412
), ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν; v. also εἰσόκε ([etym.] εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., Il.9.397; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., S.Ant.91; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ who ever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, Il.9.312, cf. D.4.6, Th.1.21. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (1 and 2 ) without ἄν; also Trag. and Com., S.Aj. 496, Ar.Eq. 805; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subj. without ἄν in prose, e.g. Th.1.137,4.16 ([etym.] μέχρι οὗ), Pl.Phd. 62c, Aeschin.3.60.3 in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), freq. in [dialect] Ep.,σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il.1.32
;ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ Od.3.359
;ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ.. φράσω A.Pr. 824
;ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος Pl.Smp. 198e
; (where ὅπως with [tense] fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after ὡς in Hdt., Trag., X.An.2.5.16, al., once in Th.6.91 (but [tense] fut. ind. is regular in [dialect] Att.); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε exc.ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν Od.12.156
( ἵνα = where in S.OC 405). μή, = lest, takes ἄν only with opt. in apodosis, as S.Tr. 631, Th.2.93.II in [dialect] Ep. sts. with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε ([etym.] ν), exc.εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν Il.2.597
),εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο Od.8.353
; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please, ib.2.54: so in Hdt. in final clauses, 1.75,99:—in Od.23.135 ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν belongs to Verb in apod., as inὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο X.Cyr.7.5.81
.2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relat. or temp. word retains an ἄν which it would have with subj. in direct form, S.Tr. 687, X.Mem.1.2.6, Isoc.17.15;ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην D.30.6
:—similarly after a preceding opt.,οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο Pl.Phd. 101d
.III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in [dialect] Ep.:1 with [tense] fut. ind. as with subj.:αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται Il.15.213
:—so with relat.,οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175
.2 with εἰ and a past tense of ind., once in Hom.,εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος Il.23.526
; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο Orac. ap. Hdt.1.174, cf. Ar.Lys. 1099 (cod. R), A.R.1.197.IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, asὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο Ev.Marc.6.56
;ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε PFay. 136
(iv A. D.);ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι Phlp. in Ph.436.19
; cf. ἐάν, ὅταν.C with [tense] impf. and more rarely [tense] aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119;εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν S.Ph. 295
; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, Th.7.71;διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Pl.Ap. 22b
: inf. representing [tense] impf. of this constr., ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire ([etym.] ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), D.9.48.D GENERAL REMARKS:I POSITION OF ἄν.1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, ga/r, kai/, νυ, περ, etc.; asεἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε Il.3.281
-4; rarely by τις, asὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ D.2.14
:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, asεἴ περ γάρ κεν Od.8.355
, cf. Il.2.123; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, Hes.Op. 280, 357; rarely in Prose,ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν D.4.45
;ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν Ar.Ra. 1420
: alsoὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν Pl.Lg. 647e
, cf. 850a; .2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? ([etym.] εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), D.6.20.3 ἄν is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει .. ; freq. in Pl., Grg. 486d, al.; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, X.Cyr.8.7.25;οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι Aeschin.3.2
; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) D. 18.225:—in the phrase οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ, or οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν belongs not to οἶδα, but to the Verb which follows, οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, for οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, E.Med. 941, cf. Alc.48;οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην Pl. Ti. 26b
;οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην X.Cyr.5.4.12
.4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause,ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar. Pax
<*>37.II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words,ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν S.El. 333
, cf. Ant.69, A.Ag. 340, Th.1.76 (fin.), 2.41, Pl.Ap. 31a, Lys.20.15; , cf. S.Fr. 739; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ .. Id.OT 1438.2 ἄν is coupled with κε ([etym.] ν ) a few times in Hom., as Il.11.187, 202, Od.5.361, al.; cf. ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν v.l. ib.18.318.III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only εἰμί, as τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής (sc. ᾖ) Il.5.481; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (sc. ἔρρεγκον) Ar.Nu.5; τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. πρᾶξαι), εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; A.Ag. 935
:—so in phrases like πῶς γὰρ ἄν; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (sc. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) Pl.Grg. 479a; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (sc. ἐφρόνησαν)εἰ.. Isoc.10.48
:—so also when κἂν εἰ ( = καὶ ἂν εἰ) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which ἄν cannot belong, Pl.R. 477a, Men. 72c; cf. κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) D.2.14; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (sc. ἴητε) X.An.1.3.6.IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others:πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως A.Ag. 1049
: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, Pl.R. 352e, cf. 439b codd.: but ἄν is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. 398a, cf. D.19.156 (where an opt. is implied with the third ὡς): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, τοῦτον ἂν.. θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν (i. e. καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι) S.Ant. 669.------------------------------------ἄν (B), [pron. full] [ᾱ], [dialect] Att.,A = ἐάν, ἤν, Th.4.46 codd., al.; freq. in Pl.,ἂν σωφρονῇ Phd. 61b
; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ ib. 80d, cf. D.4.50;ἄν τ'.. ἄν τε Arist. Ath.48.4
: not common in earlier [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, SIG1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), PPetr.2p.47 (iii B. C.), PPar.32.19 (ii B. C.), PTeb.110.8 (i B. C.), Ev.Jo.20.23, etc.------------------------------------ἄν (C) or [full] ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, q. v.------------------------------------ -
2 σκάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to dig, to dig out, to work the earth', κατα- σκάπτω `to inter, to bury', usu. `to demolish, to raze to the ground, to destroy' (h. Merc., Pi.).Other forms: Aor. σκάψαι (IA.), fut. σκάψω, perf. ἔσκαφα, midd. ἔσκαμμαι (Att.), aor. pass. σκαφ-ῆναι (E., hell.), fut. - ήσομαι (J. a. o.),Compounds: Often w. prefix, esp. κατα-.Derivatives: Several derivv. (on the forms with φ cf. bel.): 1. σκάφη f. `winnow, bowl, trough, dish', also `ship' (IA.); σκάφος n. `hull of a ship', poet. also `ship' (IA.), rarely (as nom. act.) `the digging' (Hes. Op. 572, Gp.). 2. Diminut.: σκαφ-ίς, - ίδος f. `cup' (ι 223, Hp., Ar. a. o.), also `barge' and `spade' (hell. a. late); - ίον n. `bowl, cup' (com., hell. a. late), also as des. of a hair-dress (Ar., on the development of the meaning Solmsen Wortforsch. 203 ff. [disputable]), `barge' (Str., Hld.); - ίδιον n. `winnow, ship' (hell. a. late). 3. σκαφ-ίτης m. approx. `boatman' (Anon. ap. Demetr., Str.; Redard 44f.). 4. σκαφή f. `the digging' (hell. pap. a.o., Hdn. Gr. 1, 345), also `grave' (Bithynia; or σκάφη ?); often prefixcompp., esp. κατασκαφ-ή, often pl. - αί `tomb, demolition, destruction' (trag., also Att. prose); adj. κατασκαφ-ής `butied' (S.). 5. σκαφ-ιά f. `ditch, grave' (Halaesa Ia). 6. σκαφ-εύς m. `digger' (E., Archipp., hell. a. late; rather directly from σκάπτω than with Bosshardt 40 from σκαφή), also (from σκάφη) `dish, σκαφηφόρος' ( Com. Adesp.); from σκάφη also σκαφ-εύω `to empty in a trough' (Ctes., Plu.) with - ευσις (Eun.); besides - ευσις, - εία f. `the digging' (Suid.), - εῖον n. `shovel', also `bowl, cup' (= - ίον; youngatt. hell.) with - είδιον (Hdn. Epim.), - ευτής = fossor (Gloss.). 7. σκαφ-ητός m. `the digging' (Thphr., hell. a. late inscr. a. o.; after ἀλοητός a. o.), - ητροι pl. `id.' (pap. Ip); WestGr. (Delphi, Trozen a. o.) σκάπετος m. (Megara - πεδος; after δάπεδον, πέδον Solmsen Wortforsch. 196; not with Schwyzer 498 n. 13 "phonetical byform (play-)") `grave, tomb'; besides κάπετος `id.' (Il., Hp.), also `spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain σκαπέτωσις `the digging' (Trozen). 8. σκαφαλος ἀντλητήρ H. (like πάσσαλος a.o.); λ-suffix also in σκαφλεύς = σκαφεύς (Athens IVa)?; Kumanudis Rev. de phil. 87, 99f. 9. σκαπ-άνη f. `shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP a. o.), also `excavation' (Thphr.), with - ανήτης m. `digger' (Zonar)., - ανεύς m. `id.' (Lyc., Phld., Str. a. o.; Bosshardt 68), - ανεύω `to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia [Epist. Darei], Phld. Rh.). 10. σκάμμα n. `the digging, ditch, place dug up' (Pl. Lg., hell. a. late). 11. περίσκαψις f. `the digging up' (pap. VIp, Gp.). 12. σκαπτήρ, - ῆρος m. `digger' (Margites, X. ap. Poll.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 107; 2, 55, Benveniste Noms d'agent 39), f. - τειρα (AP). 13. PN Σκαπτη ὕλη (Thrace; Hdt. a. o.) with Σκαπτησυλικός (Att. inscr.), - ίτης m. (St. Byz.); on the formaytion Schwyzer 452.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.XEtymology: As common basis of the above forms, which show an analogically levelled system, can serve both σκαπ- (with analog. σκαφ- after θάπτω: τάφος, ταφῆναι a. o.) and σκαφ- (with partly phonetical partly anal. σκαπ-). In the first case Italic gives the nearest connection in the relik Lat. scapulae, Umbr. scapla (acc. sg.) `shoulder(blade)', if prop. `shovel' as primary nom. agentis (cf. σκάφαλος above). In the latter case σκάπτω agrees formally to a widespread word for `plane, scratch etc.' in Lat. scăbō, Germ., e.g. OHG scaban, Lith. skabiù ( = σκάπτω; beside this skobiù, skõbti) `scoop out with the chisel, scraper v.t.', to which also Slav., e.g. Russ. skóbelь `plane-iron' etc. (s. W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. w. lit.). Also σκάφη, σκάφος a. o. fit better with `plane, scoop out' than with `dig' (Solmsen Wortforsch. 196 ff. w. extensive treatment), without possibility to draw a clear limit. -- If one removes the s- as "movable" and assumes a vocalic variation ē̆: ō̆: ā̆, the etymological field becomes very large. If one goes even a step further and beside ( s)ke \/ o \/ a + p \/ bh- also accepyts a variant skē̆ip \/ b-, and considers that not only the above final consonants, but classifies also the varying vowels as formants or enlargements, we arrive at the `ideal' root sek- `cut etc.' (from which then also come sk-er- and sk-el-). Nobody believes, that such a "systematic" cutting up gives a right pisture of the linguistic processes. Old connections with κόπτω, perh. also with σκέπαρνος (s. vv. w. lit.; to this further still NPers. kāfađ `dig, split') a. cogn. with all kinds of crosses and deviations (!) may be possible, but cannot be demonstrated in detail. -- S. still σκήπτω and σκίπων. -- Frisk's discussion of σκάπτω is hopelessly dated; it refers clearly to Pok. 930 ff.; e.g. we now know that PIE did not have an ablaut e\/a; so the words with -e- must be omitted. I would strike the comparison with Lat. scapula (both for form and meaning). Also Lith. skobiù, skõbti, as Greek has no form with long ā. I think that the forms ( σ)κάπετος (s.v.) may be Pre-Greek, and so the other forms with σκαπ-; as also σκάφαλος and the strange σκαφλεύς. The other forms seem based on * skabh-, as in Lat. scabō and Germ., e.g. OHG scaban. I suggest that this form is a loan of a Eur. substratum.Page in Frisk: 2,718-720Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάπτω
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3 πείθω
πείθω (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr) impf. ἔπειθον; fut. πείσω; 1 aor. ἔπεισα, impv. πεῖσον; 1 pf. 3 sg. πέπεικε(ν) (Just., D. 53, 5; 58, 2); 2 pf. πέποιθα; plpf. ἐπεποίθειν Lk 11:22 and ἐπεποίθησα Job 31:24 (cp. Judg 9:26 A; Zech 3:3). Mid. and pass. impf. ἐπειθόμην. Pass.: 1 fut. πεισθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐπείσθην; pf. πέπεισμαι; plpf. 1 pl. (ἐ)πεπείσμεθα (Ath. 31, 2).① act., except for 2 perf. and plpf.: to cause to come to a particular point of view or course of action.ⓐ convince w. acc. of pers. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 45 al.) ISm 5:1. ἔπειθεν Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας he tried to convince Jews and Gentiles Ac 18:4. πείθων αὐτοὺς περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ trying to convince them about Jesus 28:23 (π. τινὰ περί τινος as Jos., C. Ap. 2, 153). Without acc. πείθων περὶ τῆς βασιλείας 19:8 v.l. With acc. of thing τὰ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 28:23 v.l. and τῆς βασιλείας 19:8 (on acc. of thing cp. Hdt. 1, 163; Pla., Apol. 27, 37a). Abs. (Jos., Vi. 19) πείθων, οὐ βιαζόμενος convincing, not compelling Dg 7:4.—Also of convincing someone of the correctness of the objectionable teachings, almost= mislead (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 22) Ac 19:26. τινά τινι someone with someth. Hs 8, 6, 5.ⓑ persuade, appeal to, also in an unfavorable sense cajole, mislead (so TestDan 1:8; ApcMos 21; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 201) τινά someone ἀνθρώπους (Ael. Aristid. 34, 19 K.=50 p. 552 D.) 2 Cor 5:11; perh. also Gal 1:10 (but s. c below). Cp. MPol 3:1; 8:2, 3. τινά w. inf. foll. (X., An. 1, 3, 19; Polyb. 4, 64, 2; Diod S 12, 39, 2; 17, 15, 5; Herodian 2, 4, 2; Jos., Ant. 8, 256; Just., A II 2, 10, D. 112, 3; Tat. 21, 3) Ac 13:43; MPol 4; 5:1. ἔπειθεν (sc. αὐτὸν) ἀρνεῖσθαι he tried to induce him to deny 9:2. Perh. this is the place for the textually uncertain pass. Ac 26:28 ἐν ὀλίγῳ με πείθεις Χριστιανὸν ποιῆσαι you lose no time trying to make me play the Christian (cp. the tr. in Beginn. IV 322, w. reff. to 3 Km 20:7 and patristic authors cited in Soph., Lex. s.v. ποιέω 3; s. also Lampe s.v. ποιέω C). Because of apparent misunderstanding of the idiom, this wording is simplified in a widespread v.l. in which ποιῆσαι is replaced with γενέσθαι in a short time you are persuading (or trying to persuade) me to become a Christian (cp. Jos., Vi. 151 πρὸς ὀλίγον ἐπείθοντο=‘they were nearly persuaded’), prob. meant ironically. Bauer considered it prob. that the rdg. of the text be understood as a combination of the two expressions ‘in a short time you are persuading me to become a Christian’ and ‘in a short time you will make me a Christian’, so that the sense is someth. like you are in a hurry to persuade me and make a Christian of me (so Goodsp, Probs. 137f [but it is not clear whether “make” here is to be understood in the sense ‘play the part of’]. S. the lit. s.v. ὀλίγος 2bβ and under 3a below, also AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 49–52, ConNeot 3, ’39, 13–16 [w. ref. to X., Mem. 1, 2, 49; cp. PBenoit, RB 53, ’46, 303]; DHesseling, Neophilol 20, ’37, 129–34; JHarry, ATR 28, ’46, 135 f; EHaenchen ad loc.). Instead of the inf. we have ἵνα (Plut., Mor. 181a πείθωμεν ἵνα μείνῃ) Mt 27:20 (B-D-F §392, 1e; Rob. 993).ⓒ win over, strive to please (X., Cyr. 6, 1, 34; 2 Macc 4:45) Ac 12:20. τοὺς ὄχλους 14:19. So perh. also Gal 1:10 (s. b above.—π. τὸν θεόν=persuade God: Jos., Ant. 4, 123; 8, 256; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 64).—BDodd, NTS 42, ’96, 90–104.ⓓ conciliate, pacify, set at ease/rest (Hom. et al.) τὸν δῆμον (cp. X., Hell. 1, 7, 7 τοιαῦτα λέγοντες ἔπειθον τὸν δῆμον) MPol 10:2. τὴν καρδίαν (v.l. τὰ καρδία) ἡμῶν 1J 3:19 (but the text is not in good order). Conciliate, satisfy Mt 28:14 (unless π. ἀργυρίῳ bribe is meant: schol. on Pla. 18b; 2 Macc 10:20; Jos., Ant. 14, 281; 490).② The 2 pf. (w. plpf.) has pres. mng. (B-D-F §341; Rob. 881), to be so convinced that one puts confidence in someth.ⓐ depend on, trust in w. dat. of pers. or thing (Hom. et al.; 4 Km 18:20; Pr 14:16; 28:26; Sir 32:24; Wsd 14:29; Is 28:17) τίνι θεῷ (in) which God Dg 1 (here πέπ. w. dat. almost = believe in, a sense which πέπ. also approximates in the LXX; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 122). τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου Phil 1:14. τῇ ὑπακοῆ σου Phlm 21. ἐπί τινι (in) someone or someth. (PSI 646, 3 ἐπὶ σοὶ πεποιθώς; LXX; SibOr 3, 545; Syntipas p. 52, 5; Just., D. 8, 2) Mt 27:43 v.l.; Mk 10:24 v.l.; Lk 11:22; 2 Cor 1:9; Hb 2:13 (Is 8:17); B 9:4; ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι 1 Cl 57:7; w. ὅτι foll. (Syntipas p. 32, 6; 35, 7) Lk 18:9. ἐπί τινα (Ps 117:8; Acta Christophori [ed. HUsener 1886] 68, 10) Mt 27:43; 1 Cl 60:1, cp. 58:1; Hm 9:6; Hs 9, 18, 5; w. ὅτι foll. 2 Cor 2:3; 2 Th 3:4. ἔν τινι (Jdth 2:5) (in) someone or someth. Phil 3:3f; w. ὅτι foll. 2:24. εἴς τινα (Wsd 16:24 v.l.) w. ὅτι foll. Gal 5:10.ⓑ be convinced, be sure, certain foll. by acc. and inf. Ro 2:19. W. ὅτι foll. Hb 13:18 v.l. πεποιθὼς αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὅτι being sure of this very thing, that Phil 1:6. τοῦτο πεποιθὼς οἶδα ὅτι convinced of this, I know that 1:25. εἴ τις πέποιθεν ἑαυτῷ Χριστοῦ εἶναι if anyone is convinced within of belonging to Christ 2 Cor 10:7 (cp. BGU 1141, 17 [14 B.C.] πέποιθα γὰρ ἐμαυτῷ).③ pass. and mid., except for the pf.: to be won over as the result of persuasion.ⓐ be persuaded, believe abs. (Pr 26:25) Lk 16:31; Ac 17:4; Hb 11:13 v.l. μὴ πειθομένου αὐτοῦ since he would not be persuaded Ac 21:14. πεισθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ Νάβαλ AcPl Ha 6, 23. W. dat. of the thing by which one is persuaded (opp. ἀπιστεῖν; τοῖς γραώδεσι μύθοις Iren. 1, 16, 3 [Harv. I 162, 8]) τοῖς λεγομένοις (Hdt. 2, 146, 1; Jos., Bell. 7, 415) Ac 28:24. πείθομαι I believe w. ὅτι foll. Hb 13:18; Hs 8, 11, 2. Ac 26:28 v.l. (s. 1b above), construed w. inf. ἐν ὀλίγῳ με πείθῃ Χριστιανὸν ποιῆσαι in too short a time you believe you are making a Christian of me (so Bachmann, Blass). οὐ πείθομαι w. acc. and inf. I cannot believe Ac 26:26.ⓑ obey, follow w. dat. of pers. or thing (Hom. et al.; Diod S 4, 31, 5 τῷ χρησμῷ=the oracle; Maximus Tyr. 23, 2d τῷ θεῷ; 36, 6g τ. νόμῳ τοῦ Διός; Appian, Iber. 19 §73 θεῶ; pap; 4 Macc 10:13; 15:10; 18:1; Just., D. 9, 1; Mel., P. 93, 705; π. θεῷ Did., Gen. 225, 17; τῇ ἀδικίᾳ Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 5]) Ro 2:8 (opp. ἀπειθεῖν, as Himerius, Or. 69 [=Or. 22], 7); Gal 3:1 v.l.; 5:7; Hb 13:17; Js 3:3; 2 Cl 17:5; Dg 5:10; IRo 7:2ab; Hm 12, 3, 3.ⓒ Some passages stand betw. a and b and permit either transl., w. dat. be persuaded by someone, take someone’s advice or obey, follow someone Ac 5:36f, 39; 23:21; 27:11 (objection of a passenger, to which the crew paid no attention and suffered harm as a result: Chion, Ep. 4, 1 οἳ δʼ οὐκ ἐπείθοντο. Of relation between heretical leaders and their adherents Iren. 3, 12, 5 [Harv. II 58, 10]).④ perf. pass. πέπεισμαι to attain certainty in ref. to something, be convinced, certain (Pla.+; pap, LXX) πεπεισμένος τοῦτο convinced of this B 1:4. πέπεισμαί τι περί τινος be convinced of someth. concerning someone Hb 6:9. περί τινος be sure of a thing IPol 2:3. Foll. by acc. and inf. (Diod S 12, 20, 2 πεπεῖσθαι θεοὺς εἶναι; PPetr II, 11, 4 [III B.C.]; EpArist 5; Just., D. 58, 2; Mel., HE 4, 26, 11; Ath. 36, 1f) Lk 20:6. W. περί τινος and acc. w. inf.: περὶ ὧν πέπεισμαι ὑμᾶς οὕτως ἔχειν concerning this I am certain that it is so with you ITr 3:2. W. ὅτι foll. (X., Oec. 15, 8; Just., D. 65, 2; Tat., 20, 2) Ro 8:38; 14:14 (w. οἶδα); 2 Ti 1:5, 12 (cp. w. ὡ foll. Did., Gen. 131, 8); Pol 9:2. πέπεισμαι περὶ ὑμῶν ὅτι Ro 15:14.—B. 1206; 1339. DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. -
4 ἀκούω
ἀκούω fut. ἀκούσω SibOr 4, 175; Mt 12:19; 13:14 (Is 6:9); J 5:25, 28; 10:16, ἀκούσομαι EpArist 5; Ac 3:22 (Dt 18:15); 28:28 (freq. w. vv.ll.); 1 aor. ἤκουσα; pf. ἀκήκοα; ptc. ἠκουκώς Hs 5, 4, 2. Pass.: fut. ἀκουσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠκούσθην; pf. 3 sg. ἤκουσται Dt 4:32 (Hom.+) ‘hear’, as a passive respondent to λέγω.① lit. to have or exercise the faculty of hearing, hearⓐ abs. τὰ ὦτα ἀκούουσιν Mt 13:16; κωφοὶ ἀ. 11:5; cp. Mk 7:37; Lk 7:22; τοῖς ὠσὶν βαρέως ἀ. be hard of hearing Mt 13:15 (Is 6:10); ἀκοῇ ἀ. Mt 13:14; Ac 28:26 (both Is 6:9). ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσιν they hear and yet do not hear Mt 13:13 (s. Aeschyl., Prom. 448 κλύοντες οὐκ ἤκουον; Demosth. 25 [Against Aristogeiton 1], 89, citing the maxim ὁρῶντας μὴ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀκούοντας μὴ ἀκούειν), cp. Mk 8:18 (Ezk 12:2) and s. 7 below. In the protasis of a challenge to hearers, by which their attention is drawn to a special difficulty: ὁ ἔχων ὦτα (οὖς) ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω, w. variations (Arrian, Ind. 5, 1 ὅστις ἐθέλει φράζειν …, φραζέτω) Mt 11:15 v.l.; 13:9 v.l., 43 v.l.; Mk 4:9, 23; 7:15 [16] v.l.; Lk 8:8; 14:35 (EBishop, BT 7, ’56, 38–40); Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9. Cp. Ox 1081 verso, 6–8; s. 7 below for the restored text. For the sense of the impv. in these challenges also s. 7. S. οὖς 2.ⓑ w. obj. (on the syntax B-D-F §173; 416, 1; Rob. 506f; on the LXX s. Johannessohn, Kasus, 36; Helbing, Kasussyntax 150ff).α. foll. by a thing as obj. in acc. (Diod S 8, 32, 1 τὶ something) Mt 11:4; 13:17ff; Lk 7:22; 1J 1:1, 3. τὴν φωνήν (UPZ 77 I, 25) Mt 12:19; J 3:8; Ac 22:9 (but see 7 below); 1 Cl 39:3 (Job 4:16); (pass. Mt 2:18 [Jer 38:15]; Rv 18:22). τὸν λόγον Mt 13:20ff; J 5:24. τοὺς λόγους, τὰ ῥήματα Mt 10:14; J 8:47 s. 4 below; Ac 2:22. πολέμους καὶ ἀκοὰς πολέμων Mt 24:6. τὴν βλασφημίαν 26:65. τὸν ἀσπασμόν Lk 1:41. ἄρρητα ῥήματα 2 Cor 12:4. τὸν ἀριθμόν Rv 9:16. τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν Hv 3, 12, 2. Pass. τὰ ἀκουσθέντα what has been heard i.e. the message Hb 2:1. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τῆς ἐκκλησίας … ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ the report reached the ears of the church in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. Oft. the obj. is to be supplied fr. context Mt 13:17; Mk 4:15; J 6:60a; Ac 2:37; 8:30; 9:21; Ro 10:14. καθὼς ἀκούω = ἃ ἀ. J 5:30.β. τί τινος hear someth. fr. someone τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, ἣν ἠκούσατέ μου the promise which you heard from me Ac 1:4. Still other constrs. occur, which are also poss. when the hearing is not directly fr. the mouth of the informant, but involves a report which one has received fr. the pers. in any way at all (s. below 3d). τὶ ἔκ τινος (Od. 15, 374; Hdt. 3, 62 ἐκ τοῦ κήρυκος) 2 Cor 12:6. τὶ παρά τινος (Soph., Oed. R. 7 παρʼ ἀγγέλων; Pla., Rep. 6, 506d; Demosth. 6, 26; Jer 30:8; Jos., Bell. 1, 529) J 8:26, 40 (τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀ. as Diod S 16, 50, 2); 15:15; Ac 10:22; 28:22; 2 Ti 2:2; w. attraction of the relative λόγων ὧν παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἤκουσας teachings which you have heard from me 1:13; τὶ ἀπό τινος (Thu. 1, 125, 1) 1J 1:5. Hebraistically ἀπὸ τ. στόματός τινος Lk 22:71 (cp. ἐκ τ. στόμ. τ. Ex 23:13; Ezk 3:17; 33:7).γ. foll. by a thing as obj. in gen. (Hdt. 8, 135; X., Cyr. 3, 1, 8; Demosth. 18, 3; B-D-F §173, 2; Rob. 507) hear someth. τῆς βλασφημίας (= τὴν βλ. Mt 26:65) Mk 14:64. συμφωνίας καὶ χορῶν Lk 15:25; τῆς φωνῆς (BGU 1007, 11 [III B.C.] ἀκούσαντες φωνῆς) J 5:25, 28; Ac 9:7 (on the experience of Paul and his companions cp. Maximus Tyr. 9, 7d–f: some see a divine figure, others see nothing but hear a voice, still others both see and hear); 11:7; 22:7 (HMoehring, NovT 3, ’59, 80–99; s. Rob. 506). τῶν λόγων Lk 6:47. τῶν ῥημάτων J 12:47.ⓒ hear, listen to w. gen. of the pers. and a ptc. (Pla., Prot. 320b; X., Symp. 3, 13; Herm. Wr. 12, 8; Jos., Ant. 10, 105 ἤκουσε τοῦ προφήτου ταῦτα λέγοντος): ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος we have heard him say Mk 14:58; ἀκοῦσαι προσευχομένου Παύλου AcPl Ha 2, 12. ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος … λαλούντων αὐτῶν each one heard them speaking Ac 2:6, 11; Rv 16:5, 7 (in vs. 7 the altar speaks); Hv 1, 3, 3. W. acc. instead of gen. πᾶν κτίσμα … καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς πάντα ἤκουσα λέγοντας (v.l. λέγοντα) Rv 5:13. Used without ptc. w. pronoun only: μου (Dio Chrys. 79 [28], 14) Mk 7:14; Ac 26:3. αὐτῶν Lk 2:46. αὐτοῦ vs. 47; 15:1; 19:48; 21:38; J 3:29 etc. ἡμῶν Ac 24:4.—ἀ. τινὸς περί τινος (since Hdt. 7, 209; IG II, 168 [338 B.C.]) hear someone (speak) about someth. Ac 17:32. ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ περὶ τῆς … πίστεως he heard him speak about faith Ac 24:24, cp. Hm 11:7.—W. ὅτι foll. (X., Cyr. 3, 3, 18) J 14:28; Ac 22:2.—Abs. οἱ ἀκούοντες the hearers (Diod S 4, 7, 4) Lk 6:27; MPol 7:3. Esp. impv. ἄκουε listen! Mk 12:29 (Dt 6:4); Hs 5, 1, 3; pl. Mk 4:3. ἀκούσατε Ac 7:2; 13:16; AcPl Ha 8, 10. W. συνίετε listen and try to understand Mt 15:10.② legal t.t. to hear a legal case, grant a hearing to someone (X., Hell. 1, 7, 9 al.; PAmh 135, 14; PIand 9, 10; 15; BGU 511 II, 2; POxy 1032, 59) w. παρά τινος: ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσῃ πρῶτον παρʼ αὐτοῦ without first giving him a hearing J 7:51 (SPancaro, Biblica 53, ’72, 340–61).—Ac 25:22.③ to receive news or information about someth., learn about someth.ⓐ abs. ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς when Jesus learned about it (the death of J. Bapt.) Mt 14:13.—Mk 3:21; 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92); Ro 10:18. W. ἀναγγέλλειν 15:21 (Is 52:15).ⓑ w. gen. of person οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν of whom they have not heard Ro 10:14a.—W. acc. of thing (X., Cyr. 1, 1, 4; Diod S 19, 8, 4; Chion, Ep. 12 ἀκ. τὴν τυραννίδα; Herodian 4, 4, 8) learn of τὴν ἀγάπην Phlm 5. τὴν ἀναστροφήν Gal 1:13. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Χριστοῦ Mt 11:2. τὴν ἐνέδραν the ambush Ac 23:16: Χριστιανισμὸν ἀ. hear Christianity IPhld 6:1; τὴν οἰκονομίαν Eph 3:2. τὴν πίστιν 1:15; Col 1:4. τὴν ὑπομονήν Js 5:11.—Pass. ἀκούεται ἐν ὑμῖν πορνεία it is reported that there is immorality among you 1 Cor 5:1 (schol. on Nicander, Ther. 139 τοῦτο ἐξακούεται=this report is heard). ἐὰν ἀκουσθῇ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος if this should come to the prefect’s ears Mt 28:14.ⓒ ἀ. τι περί τινος (since Hdt. 2, 43) learn someth. about someone Lk 9:9; 16:2.—ἀ. περί τινος (Jos., Vi. 246) Lk 7:3.ⓓ w. prep., to denote the author or source of the information (s. 1bβ) ἀ. τι παρά τινος: τῶν ἀκουσάντων παρὰ Ἰωάννου who had learned fr. John (who Jesus was) J 1:40, cp. 6:45 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 110, 35 τὸ ἀκοῦσαι παρὰ θεοῦ, ὅτι ἀθάνατός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή); ἀ. τι ἔκ τινος: ἠκούσαμεν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου we have heard from the law (when it was read in the synagogue) J 12:34, where ἀ. approaches the technical sense learn (a body of authoritative teaching), as 1J 1:5 (s. above); 2:7, 24 et al. (OPiper, JBL 66, ’47, 437 n. 1). ἀ. ἀπό τινος περί τινος Ac 9:13.ⓔ w. ὅτι foll. (SIG 370, 21; PTebt 416, 8; BGU 246, 19; Josh l0:1; Da 5:14 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:55; 4 Macc 4:22; cp. the constr. ἀ. τινὰ ὅτι Od. 3, 193; X., Mem. 4, 2, 33) Mt 2:22; 4:12 al.—Pass. ἠκούσθη ὅτι ἐν οἴκῳ ἐστίν it became known that he was in the house Mk 2:1 (s. B-D-F §405, 2). οὐκ ἠκούσθη ὅτι it is unheard of that J 9:32.ⓕ w. acc. and inf. foll. (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 165; 13, 292) J 12:18; 1 Cor 11:18. W. acc. and ptc. (X., Cyr. 2, 4, 12; Herodian 2, 12, 4) Ac 7:12; 3J 4.④ to give careful attention to, listen to, heed ἀ. τινός someone (Hom. et al.) ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ Mt 17:5; Lk 9:35; Ac 3:22 (all three Dt 18:15); cp. Mt 18:15; Lk 16:29, 31; J 10:8; Ac 4:19. W. acc. of thing J 8:47 (s. 1bα); PEg2 53f (restored).—Abs. (PsSol 2:8) obey, listen αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀκούσονται Ac 28:28; cp. Mt 18:16; J 5:25b; agree 9:27a.⑤ to pay attention to by listening, listen to ἀ. τινός someone/someth. (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 14 I, 18; 461, 6) Mk 6:11; J 6:60b. Of God (Hom.+) Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:7); J 9:31; 11:41f; 1J 5:14f; AcPt Ox 849, 27.—Abs. καθὼς ἠδύναντο ἀ. as they were able to listen Mk 4:33 (EMolland, SymbOsl 8, 1929, 83–91; s. also 7 below).⑥ to be given a nickname or other identifying label, be called (Demosth. 18, 46 κόλακες ἀκούουσι; Diog. L. 2, 111 a derisive nickname; 2, 140) ἤκουσαν προδόται γονέων they were called betrayers of their parents Hv 2, 2, 2.⑦ to hear and understand a message, understand (Teles p. 47, 12; Galen: CMG Suppl. I p. 12, 29; Aelian, VH 13, 46; Apollon. Dysc., Syntax p. 295, 25 [Gramm. Gr. II/2 p. 424, 5 U.] ἀκούειν= συνιέναι τῶν ἠκουσμένων; Sext. Emp., Math. 1, 37 τὸ μὴ πάντας πάντων ἀκούειν; Julian, Orat. 4 p. 147a; PGM 3, 453 ἀκούσεις τὰ ὄρνεα λαλοῦντα; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 35) abs. (Is 36:11) 1 Cor 14:2. Perh. also Mk 4:33 (s. 5 above, and cp. Epict. 1, 29, 66 τ. δυναμένοις αὐτὰ ἀκοῦσαι). On the form of Lk 6:27a cp. Cleopatra 16, 57 ὑμῖν δὲ λέγω τοῖς εὖ φρονοῦσιν. W. acc. τὸν νόμον understand the law Gal 4:21; perh. Ac 22:9; 26:14 (s. 1bα above) belong here. Cp. also the play on words (1a above) ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσιν Mt 13:13; cp. Mk 8:18. Here belong also the imperatives in Mt 11:15; 13:9, 43; Mk 4:9, 23; 7:15 [16] v.l.; Lk 8:8; 14:35; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9; also ὁ ἔχων ὦ[τ]α τ[ῶν ἀ]|περάντων [ἀ]κο[ύει?]ν ἀ|κουέτω one who has ears to hear the things that are without limits let him hear Ox 1081, 6–8, rev. on the basis of the Coptic, s. SJCh 89, 5f; cp. Borger, GGA 122.—ἀκούω is occasionally used as a perfective present: I hear= I have heard (so as early as Il. 24, 543; Aristoph., Frogs 426; X., An. 2, 5, 13, Mem. 2, 4, 1; 3, 5, 26; Pla., Rep. 583d; Theocr. 15, 23) Lk 9:9; 1 Cor 11:18; 2 Th 3:11. B-D-F §322.—B. 1037; 1339. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
5 νόος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `mind, sense, intellect, reason, purpose' (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-νοος, - νους `wellminded' with εὑνο-έω, - ίη, - ιᾰ etc. (IA.); also as 1. member, a.o. in the compounds νου-θετ-έω `put in mind, admonish' (after νομοθετ-έω: νομο-θέ-της: νόμον θεῖναι a.o.) with νουθέ-τησις, - τημα, - σία, - τεία a.o. (IA.); νουν-εχ-ής `prudent', adv. νουνεχ-ῶς, - όντως (: νοῦν ἔχει, ἔχων, Schwyzer 452).Derivatives: Nouns: 1. νοερός `mindful, intellectual' (Heraclit., Arist.); 2. νοήρης `prudent, capable' (Herod., H.); 3. νοότης, - ητος f. `intellectuality' (Procl.); 4. νόαρ n. `illusion, phantom' (Theognost.; archaising innovation). -- Verbs: A. νοέω, aor. νοῆσαι (contr. νῶσαι) etc., very often with prefix (partly hypostasis with νοῦς) in diff. meanings, e.g. δια-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, προ-, μετα-, συν-, `meditate, observe, think, devise, have in mind' (Il.); from this 1. νόη-μα n. `thought, intelligence, decision' (Il.) with - μάτιον (Arr.), - ματικός (sp.). - μων `thoughtful, prudent' (Od., Hdt.); 2. νόη-σις ( νῶσις) f. `oberving, understand, thinking', also διανόη-σις etc. (IA.); 3. προ-, δια-νοία, - νοιᾰ f. etc. `care' resp. `meditating, thought, intention' (IA.); 4. νοη-τικός ( προ- u.a.) `mindful' (Pl.); 5. προ-, δια-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-νοητής m. `director' etc. (late). -- B. νόομαι `be changed into νόος' (Plot. u.a.). --Lit. on νοῦς etc: Schottländer Herm. 64, 228ff., Marg Charakter 44 ff. (use in Hom.), Kurt v. Fritz ClassPhil. 38, 79ff. (in Hom.), 40, 223ff., 41, 12ff. (with the Presocratics); also McKenzie Class Quart. 17, 195 f. and Magmen REGr. 40, 117ff. (both doubted by Kretschmer Glotta 14, 229 resp. by Wahrmann ibd. 19, 214 f. resp. rejected); Porzig Satzinhalte 185 ff. ( νοῦς and νόημα in the Epos).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No doubt an old inherited verbal noun (cf. λόγος, φόρος a.o.), though there is no certain connection. The old connection with Germ., e.g. Goth. snutrs `wise, prudent' (L. Meyer KZ 5, 368), which is possible, is taken up again by Schwyzer Festschr. Kretschmer 247 ff. and further worked out assuming a basic meaning `sense of detection' of supp. * snu- `browse', which would also be found in νυός, Lat. nurus `daughter-in-law' and nūbō `marry' (referring to the browse-kiss (sniffer-?), a form of the kiss of relatives), an hypothesis, which goes far beyond what can be proven. -- Diff., not preferable, Prellwitz s.v.: to νεύω as "nod thoughtfully", to which acc. to Brugmann IF 19, 213 f., 30, 371 ff. also πινυτός `prudent' (but see s.v.) and Cret. νύναμαι = δύναμαι (s.v.). To be rejected Kieckers IF 23, 362ff. (to νέω `swim'), McKenzie (s. above; = Skt. náya- m. `guidance' from náyati `lead'); s. also W.-Hofmann s. sentiō.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νόος
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6 σβέννυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `quench, to extinguish, to be extinguished, extinct (IA.).Other forms: - ύω (Pi., Hp. a. o.), aor. σβέσ(σ)αι (Il.), pass. σβεσθῆναι (IA.), fut. σβέσω (A., E. a. o.); midd. σβέννυμαι (Hes.), aor. σβῆναι (Il.), fut. σβήσομαι (Pl. a. o.), perf. ἔσβηκα (A.), ἔσβεσμαι (Parm. a.o.).Compounds: Also w. prefix, esp. ἀπο- and κατα- (on the use in Hom. Graz Le feu dans l'Il. et l'Od.259ff.).Derivatives: σβέ-σις ( ἀπό-, κατά- σβέννυμι) f. `extinction, putting out' (Arist. etc.), σβεσ-τήρ, - τῆρος m. `extinguisher' (Plu.; not quite certain), - τήριος `useful for extinguishing' (Th. etc.), - τικός `id.' (Arist. etc.); ἄ-σβεσ-τος `unextinguishable' (Hom. a.o.; σβεστός Nonn.), f. (sc. τίτανος) `unslaked lime' (Dsc., Plu. a. o.) with ἀσβεστ-ήριοι and - ωσις H. as explanation of κονιαταί resp. κονίασις. -- Deviating the aor. κατα-σβῶσαι (Herod.). -- Besides some H.glossen: ζείναμεν (- υμεν?) σβέννυμεν, ἐζίνα (for - είν-) ἐπεσβέννυεν, ἀποζίννυται (cod. - ξ-; for - ζείν-) ἀποσβέννυται; ζόασον σβέσον; ζοάσ\< εις\> σ[ε]βέσεις.Etymology: The above formal system is as a whole built on the root σβεσ- in σβέσ-σαι and ἄ-σβεσ-τος. To the aorist σβέσ(σ)αι joined σβέννυμι from *σβέσ-νυ-μι (on the phonetics Schwyzer 697), σβέσω, σβεσθῆναι, ἔσβεσμαι. To this came as innovation ἔσβην, σβῆναι (after ἔστην, ἐκάην, ἐάγην etc.), to which came σβήσομαι, ἔσβηκα. On itself stands κατα-σβῶσαι, which may have an old lengthened grade (cf. below), but which can also with ζόασον, ζοάσεις (s. ab.) be understood as an iterativ (from *σβοῆσαι) of uncertain date. Cf. (with partly diff. view) Schwyzer 719 and 743 w. n. 1. From the byforms with ζ-, ζείναμεν etc., one can conclude for σβέσ(σ)αι, σβέννυμι to an IE * sgʷes-, which cannot be separated from other verbs for `extinguish': Lith. gęs-tù, gès-ti `extinguish, die out', caus. ges-aũ, -ýti `extinguish', Slav., e.g. OCS u-gašǫ, u-gasiti `extinguish' (IE * gʷōs-; also in - σβῶσαι?; s. ab.), Toch. AB käs- `extinguish'; prob. also Skt. jásate `is extinguished', jāsayati `exhaust'. Hitt. kišt-'be extinguished, perish' (e.g. 3. sg. kištari) is however incompatable with the labiovelar in σβέννυμι. If we posit a pure velar g, which is possible for all other languages, σβέννυμαι must be separated. -- Through the initial σ- Greek is distinguished from its cognates. Prob. it concerns a prefix (after Prellwitz s. v. a mutilated ἐξ-). Diff. Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.2 I 590) and Schwyzer 743 n. 1 (to be rejected). -- Further forms from the diff. languages with uncertain hypotheses and older lit. in Bq and WP. 1, 693f. (Pok. 479f.); s. also Fraenkel Wb. s. gèsti, Vasmer s. gasítь, W.-Hofmann s. sēgnis.Page in Frisk: 2,685-686Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σβέννυμι
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7 οὖς
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `ear'; metaph. `handle'(Il.; IA).Other forms: ὦς (Theoc., hell.). Gen. ὠτός, nom. acc. pl. ὦτα etc. (IA.), οὔατος, - ατα etc., with n. a. sg. οὖας (Simon.); besides ἆτα (cod. ἄτα) ὦτα. Ταραντῖνοι H.; prob. also sg. αὖς (Paul. Fest. 100, 4; Wackernagel IF 45, 312ff. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1252ff.); further details on the inflexion in Schwyzer 520.Dialectal forms: Myc. anowoto; also anowe like ἀμφ-ώης `with two ears or handles' (Theoc.; ἄμφ-ωτος Od.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὠτ-ακουστέω `to eavesdrop, to listen, to attend' (Hdt., X., D., Plb.), compound of ὠτὶ ἀκουστόν (opposite ἀν-ηκουστέω: οὑκ ἀκουστόν; cf. ἀμνηστέω and Schwyzer 726; not correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 68), with ὠτακουστής m. `eavesdropper, listener' (Arist.); ἀν-ούατος `without ears, without handles' (Theoc.), ἄ-ωτος `id.' (Philet., Plu.); μυόσ-ωτ-ον ( μύ-ωτον) n., - ίς f. "mouse-ear" (the plant) `madwort, Asperugo', from μυὸς ὦτα `id.' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pfl.namen 42). On λαγώς s. v.Derivatives: ὠτ-ίον n. `handle, ear' (Theopomp. Com., LXX, NT), - άριον n. `id.' (com. IVa); οὑατ-όεις `with ears, handles' (Simon., Call.; also in Hom. a. Hes. for ὠτώεις to be reconstructed; Wackernagel Unt. 168f.), ὠτ-ικός `belonging to the ear' (Gal., Dsc.). Also ὠτ-ίς, - ίδος f. `bustard' (X., Arist.; after the cheek-plumes or the tuft?; Thompson Birds s.v.); besides ὦτ-ος m. `eared owl' (Arist.; after the ear-plumes). -- On ἐνῴδιον, ἐνώτιον s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [785] *h₂(e\/o)us- `ear'.Etymology: The pair οὖς, ὦς (cf. βοῦς, βῶς) can be derived from IE * ōus; Lat. aur-is, aus-cultō a.o. contain an e-grade (* h₂eus-), which may also be found in ἆτα from *αὔσ-ατα; s. also on ἀάνθα. To be noted old Att. ΟΣ, which seems to point to a contraction; one wanted to construct (since J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 407) a basis * ous-os, for which a support was seen in OCS ucho n. `ear', gen. ušes-e ; but it is also possible to read ὦς (after ὠτός etc.). The other forms can without problem be derived from IE * ōus-n-tos etc. with diff. phonetic developments, s. the extensive treatment in Schwyzer 520 a. 348, WP. 1,18 w. rich lit. The in οὔ-α-τος incorporated n-enlargement is also found in Arm. un-kn (with -kn after akn `eye'; so not comparable with ὠκίδες ἐνώτια H.) and in Germ., e.g. Goth. auso, ausin-s. -- From the further forms are especially notable the old duals Av. uš-i (IE * h₂us-ī, with zero grade); OCS uš-ī (IE * h₂us-ī ). Further details from diff. languages w. rich lit. in WP. (s. ab.), Pok. 785, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. auris, Vasmer s. úcho; older lit. also in Bq. -- (See also παρειαί, παρήϊον; not here ἀκούω, ἀκροάομαι.)Page in Frisk: 2,448-449Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖς
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8 πνέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to blow, to breathe, to respire, to smell'.Other forms: ep. πνείω (metr. length.), aor. πνεῦσαι (Il.), ipv. ἄμπνυε, midd. -ῡτο, -ύ̄( ν)θη (Hom.), fut. πνεύ-σομαι (IA.). - σοῦμαι (Ar., Arist.), - σω (hell.), perf. πέπνευκα (Att.), pass. πνευσ-θῆναι (Thphr.), - θήσομαι (Aret.).Derivatives: 1. πνοή, Dor. πνο(ι)ά, ep. πνοιή (- οι- metr. condit. after πνείω, Risch 119; on other explanations, which are not to be preferred, Scheller Oxytonierung 83 n. 2 w. lit.) f. `wind, breeze, breath' (Il.); ἀνα-, δια-, ἐκ-πνέω etc. etc.; very often as 2. member, e.g. ἡδύ- ( ἁδύ-)πνοος, - πνους `with a pleasant wind, breath' (Pi., S., E.), ἐπί-πνοος, - πνους `inspired' with ἐπίπνο-ια f. `inspiration' (A., Pl.); - πνοια also beside - πνοή in ἀνά-, ἀπό-, διά- πνέω a.o.; here ἀναπνο-ϊκος `concerning breathing' (Ptol.). 2. πνεῦμα ( ἄμ-, πρόσ- πνέω) n. `wind, breeze, breath, ghost' (Pi., IA.) with πνευμά-τιον (hell.), - τικός `concerning the wind etc.' (Arist.; on the further life (Nachleben) in the westeur. languages. Chantraine Studii clasice 2, 70f.), - τιος `bringing wind' (Arat.), - τώδης `wind-, breathlike of nature, windy' (Hp., Arist.), - τίας m. `asthmatic' (Hp.) with - τιάω `to gasp' (sch.); - τόω, - τόομαι `to blow up, to (cause to) vaporize' (Anaxipp., Arist.) with - τωσις, - τωτικός; - τίζω ( ἀπο-) `to fan by blowing' (Antig., H.) with - τισμός. 3. πνεῦσις f. `blowing', more usu. the compp., e.g. ἀνάπνευ-σις `to breathe again, to inhale, respite' (Il.). 4. With second. σ and τ-suffix as in ἄ-πνευσ-τος, - τί, - τία: πνευσ-τικός `belonging to breathing' (Gal.), more usu. ἀνα-πνέω (Arist.) a.o.; - τιάω `to gasp' (Hp., Arist.). 5. εἴσπν-ηλος, - ήλας `loving, lover' (Call., Theoc., EM), from εἰσ-πνέω `to inspire (love)' with analog. - ηλος; cf. Chantraine Form. 242.Etymology: The regular structure of the above forms is clearly the result of a generalising development, which will also have had zero grade formations as πνεῦσις, ἄπνευστος. Outside the general pattern there are only the isolated ep. forms ἄμ-πνυ-ε etc. `take breath' = `recover from', which may provide a bridge to the semantically slightly deviating but certainly belonging here πέ-πνυ-μαι, - μένος, `mentally active, animated, be sedate'; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 134 f. Not here prob. πινυ-τή, πινυτός a. cognates, which have only been connected on difficult assumptions; s.v. In any case ἄμπνυε, πέπνυ-μαι are not with Schulze Q. 322 ff. to be separated from πνέω. -- From other languages only some Germ. formations can be compared: OWNo. fnýsa `sniff', OE fnēosan `sneeze', which like πνευ- may contain an IE eu-diphthong; beside them there are however several variants, e.g. OWNo. fnasa, OHG fnehan, which show the unstable character of these orig. onomatop. words. Uncertain is the connection of Skt. abhi-knū́yate `be moist, sound, stink' (Dhātup., Lex.) with dissim. from * abhi-pn- (Mayrhofer s. knū́yate). -- The further analysis of πνέ(Ϝ)-ω in * p-ne-u-mi with nasal infix to the root pu- (assumption by Schwyzer 696 α after Pedersen IF 2, 314) is in the case of a word of this meaning hardly convincing. Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 85, Pok. 838f. Here also ποιπνύω; cf. also πνί̄γω.Page in Frisk: 2,566-567Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πνέω
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9 πλήρωμα
πλήρωμα, ατος, τό (πληρόω; Eur., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo; Mel., P. 40, 279).ⓐ that which fills (up) (Eur., Ion 1051 κρατήρων πληρώματα; Hippocr., Aër. 7 τὸ πλ. τῆς γαστρός. Esp. oft. of a crew or cargo of ships since Thu. 7, 12, 3; 14, 1) ἡ γῆ καὶ τὸ πλ. αὐτῆς the earth and everything that is in it 1 Cor 10:26; 1 Cl 54:3 (both Ps 23:1, as also Did., Gen. 74, 8). ἦραν κλάσματα δώδεκα κοφίνων πληρώματα they gathered (enough) pieces to fill twelve baskets, twelve basketfuls of pieces Mk 6:43; cp. 8:20 (s. Eccl 4:6; EBishop, ET 60, ’48, 192f).ⓑ that which makes someth. full/complete, supplement, complement (Appian, Mithr. 47 §185 τὰ τῶν γυναικῶν πάντα ἐς τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν δισχιλίων ταλάντων συνέφερον) lit. of the patch on a garment Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21 (FSynge, ET 56, ’44/45, 26f).—Fig., perh., of the church which, as the body, is τὸ πλ., the complement of Christ, who is the head Eph 1:23 (so Chrysostom. The word could be understood in a similar sense Pla., Rep. 2, 371e πλ. πόλεώς εἰσι καὶ μισθωτοί). Much more probably the Eph passage belongs under② that which is full of someth. (Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 37; 38 and Polyaenus 3, 9, 55 the manned and loaded ship itself [s. 1a above]; Philo, Praem. 65 γενομένη πλ. ἀρετῶν ἡ ψυχὴ … οὐδὲν ἐν ἑαυτῇ καταλιποῦσα κενόν; Herm. Wr. 12, 15 God is called πλήρωμα τῆς ζωῆς; 6, 4 ὁ κόσμος πλήρωμά ἐστι τῆς κακίας, ὁ δὲ θεὸς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; 16, 3 τ. πάντων τὸ πλ. ἔν ἐστι.—Rtzst., Poim. 25, 1) (that) which is full of him who etc. (so as early as Severian of Gabala [KStaab, Pls-Kommentare ’33, 307] and Theodoret, who consider that it is God who fills the church.—Cp. CMitton, ET 59, ’47/48, 325; 60, ’48/49, 320f; CMoule, ibid. 53 and Col and Phil ’57, 164–69).ⓐ full number (Hdt. 8, 43; 45 of ships; Aristot., Pol. 2, 7, 22 of citizens; Iren. 1, 1, 3 [Harv. I 11, 11] and Hippol., Ref. 6, 38, 4 as Gnostic t.t.) τὸ πλ. τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 11:25 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 262 D.: πλήρωμα ἔθνους). For 11:12, which is also classed here by many, s. 4 below.ⓑ sum total, fullness, even (super)abundance (Diod S 2, 12, 2 καθάπερ ἔκ τινος πηγῆς μεγάλης ἀκέραιον διαμένει τὸ πλήρωμα=as if from a great source the abundance [of bitumen] remains undiminished. As gnostic t.t. Iren. 1, 8, 4 [Harv. I, 73, 3]; Hippol., Ref. 8, 10, 3—s. also a) τινός of someth. πλ. εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ the fullness of Christ’s blessing Ro 15:29. πᾶν τὸ πλ. τῆς θεότητος the full measure of deity (s. θεότης) Col 2:9; without the gen., but in the same sense 1:19.—W. gen. to denote the one who possesses the fullness: θεοῦ πατρὸς πλ. IEph ins (s. Hdb. ad loc.). εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλ. τοῦ θεοῦ that you may be filled with all the fullness of God Eph 3:19 (s. πληρόω 1b). Of Christ: ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ J 1:16 (s. Bultmann 51, 7).—Abs. ἀσπάζομαι ἐν τῷ πληρώματι I greet in the fullness of the Christian spirit ITr ins.—On εἰς μέτρον ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Eph 4:13 s. μέτρον 2b.④ act of fulfilling specifications, fulfilling, fulfillment (=πλήρωσις, as Eur., Tro. 824; Philo, Abr. 268 π. ἐλπίδων) τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν their (the people of Israel) fulfilling (the divine demand) Ro 11:12 (opp. παράπτωμα and ἥττημα). But this pass. is considered by many to belong under 3a above. πλ. νόμου ἡ ἀγάπη 13:10 (on the semantic field relating to love s. TSöding, ETL 68, ’92, 284–330, and Das Liebesgebot bei Paulus ’95).⑤ the state of being full, fullness of time (πληρόω 2) τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου Gal 4:4 (s. ASP VI, 587, 34 [24/25 A.D.] τοῦ δὲ χρόνου πληροθέντος). τὸ πλ. τῶν καιρῶν Eph 1:10.—Lghtf., Col and Phlm 255–71; ARobinson, Eph 1904, 255ff; HMaVallisoleto, Christi ‘Pleroma’ iuxta Pli conceptionem: Verbum Domini 14, ’34, 49–55; FMontgomery-Hitchcock, The Pleroma of Christ: CQR 125, ’37, 1–18; JGewiess: MMeinertz Festschr. ’51, 128–41; PBenoit, RB 63, ’56, 5–44 (prison epp.); AFeuillet, Nouvelle Revue Theol. (Tournai) 88, ’56, 449–72; 593–610 (Eph 1:23); GMünderlein NTS 8, ’62, 264–76 (Col 1:19); HSchlier, D. Brief an die Epheser4, ’63, 96–99; POverfield, NTS 25, ’79, 384–96; CEvans, Biblica 65 ’84, 259–65 (Nag Hammadi).—DELG s.v. πίμπλημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
10 λέπω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `peel (off)' (Il.)Other forms: aor. λέψαι, fut. λέψω (Il.), perf. midd. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη ἀπελεπίσθη H.; also with ablaut λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330a), ἐκ-λαπῆναι (Ar. Fr. 164),Dialectal forms: Myc. repoto \/leptos\/.Derivatives: Many derivv. A. With ε-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπ-τός a.o. in Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,17) `peeled' = `unveiled' (Υ 497), `thin, meager, weak, fine, delicate' (Il., often as 1. member. Poet. lengthened λεπτ-αλέος `weak, fine' (Il.; Chantraine Form. 255), λεπτ-ακινός'id.' (AP; from *λέπταξ ?, Bechtel Lex. s. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον `beaker' (pap.) from λεπτόν (sc. κεράμιον) `thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον kind of vase? ( PHib. 1, 47, 13; IIIa; acc. to the edd. perh. = λεπτόγειον `barren land'), λεπτάριον name of a medic. instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113); λεπτότης f. `thinness, leanness etc.' (IA.), λεπτοσύνη `id.' (AP); λεπτύνω, - ομαι `make thin etc. resp. become' (Hp., X., Arist.) with λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), - υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). - 2. λεπρός `scaly, with eruption, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., hell.), f. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα, ion. - ρη `efflorescence, leprosy' (Ion., Arist., hell.), both prob. first from an ρ-stem (cf. Schwyzer 481); with λεπρώδης `with unevennesses, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός `regarding efflorescence' (Dsc., pap.); denomin. verbs λεπράω `become scaly, efflorescent' (Ion.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω); λεπρόομαι `become efflorescent' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λεπρύνομαι `besome scaly, uneven' (Nic.). - 3. λέπος n. (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usu. λεπίς, - ίδος f. (Ion. hell.) `scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with dimin. λεπίδιον (Hero), also as plant-name `pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath.; as remedy against efflorescence), λεπιδίσκη `id.' (Imbros IIa); further λεπιδ-ωτός `scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι `become scaly' (Hp.); other denomin.: λεπίζω (: λέπος or λεπίς) `remove the scale etc., peel off' (hell.) with λέπισμα `scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν οἷον ἐλέπιζον. H. (: λεπόω, - έω); note λέπασμα `pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος as from *λεπάζω. - 4. On λεπάς, λέπας s. v. - 5. λέπῡρον `scale, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης `like scales' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον `id.' (Hp., Arist., Theoc.), - ιώδης `like scales, consisting of...' (Arist., Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι `be enveloped by a scale' (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι ἐξαχυριῶσαι H.; besides λεπῠρός `in a scale' (Nic.); on the υ-stem beside λέπρ-α, λέπος cf. e. g. αἶσχος. On itself stands λεπύχανον `coat (of an onion), fruit-schale' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.), prob. popular cross with λάχανον, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 52. - B. With ο-grade. 6. λοπός m. `scale, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος `easy to peel off', (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα κάστανα... H.; Arbenz Adj. auf - ιμος 101; dimin. λοπάς f. `dish', also name of a crustacean and a plant-disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδ-ιον (com., pap.), - ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς `scale, dish etc.' (Ar., inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denomin. λοπάω `scale off, let the bark peel off' (Thphr.) with λοπητός m. `time to be peeled off' (Thphr.), λοπίζω `be peeled off' (Thphr., pap.). -7. On ἔλλοψ s. v. - C. With lengthened grade s. λώπη `pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος m. `id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as 1. member in λωπο-δύ-της m. "who travels in (foreign) clothes", `thief of clothes' with λωποδυτ-έω etc. (Att.); suffixless form λώψ χλαμύς H.; cf. Schwyzer 515, Chantraine Form. 424. Dimin. λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denomin. ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω `undress, put off' (S., Hyp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The primary thematic present λέπω, from which all verbal forms were derived ( λέλαμμαι, - λαπῆναι innovations after ἔστραμμαι, στραφῆναι etc.), has no direct agreements outside Greek. There are a few nominal formations, which resemble the Greek forms: Lith. lãpas `leaf', Alb. lapë `rag, leaf, peritoneum' (: λοπός), Lith. lõpas `rag, piece' (: λῶπος; also OE lōf m. `band of the forehead'??, Holthausen IF 32, 340), with Russ. lápotь `shoe of bark' (lapotók `rag, piece'); quite doubtful OE leber, læfer f. `rush, cane, metal plate' (: λέπρα?; Holthausen IF 48, 255). With λέπος one compared also Lat. s-stem lepōs `fine-ness, delicacy', and the Slav. extension in Russ. lépest `rag, piece, leaf of a flower'. Given the productivity of these formations and the varying meanings we may have parallel creations. - Further, partly very doubtful and debated forms in WP. 2, 429f., Pok. 678, W.-Hofmann s. lepidus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lãpas, lõpas, also lèpti `be coddled', Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lépest, lápotь, lópotõk; with rich lit. - We can safely conclude that the verb is not IE: there is hardly a formal agreement, nor does the meaning agree well. So the verb will be Pre-Greek. Note the forms λεπάγιον, λεπακινός, λέπασμα, λέπυρον, λεπύχανον, λέπρα, λώψ, λῶπος etc. The verb may be compared with ὀλόπτω and ὀλούφω, which would also point to a non-IE word.Page in Frisk: 2,105-107Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λέπω
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11 λύγξ 2
Grammatical information: m. f.Other forms: λυγγός E. fr. 683.Compounds: As 1. member in λυκό-λυγξ `wolflynx' (pap. in Sb. Heidelb. 1923: 2, 14, 13); λυγγούριον ( λυγκ-, λιγκ- u. a.) n. kind of amber (Thphr., Delos IIIa), s. v.Derivatives: λυγκίον dimin. (Callix.), λύγγιος `of the lynx' (Edict. Diocl.). On ambivalent PN Λυγκεύς (Hdt., Pi.) s. Boßhardt 130f.; from there λυγκεύς as name of an eye-salve (medic.).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.Etymology: Old name of the lynx, found also in Armenian, German and Balto-Slavic. Except for the nasal λύγξ has a counterpart in Lith. consonant stem lūš-ų (gen. pl.), with as innovation the i-stem lū́š-is. The same transformation show the Slav. words, which however through influence of an other word (* rysъ `sotted, red'?) got an initial r-: Russ. rýsь etc. Also elsewhere transformstions have occurred: with thematic vowel in Swed. lō `lynx' (PGm. * luh-a-, IE *luḱ-o-); with s-sufflx in Westgermanic: OHG luhs, OE lox (cf. Germ. Fuchs, OE fox); with n-suffix in Arm. lus-an-un-k` (ἅπ. εἰρ.) pl., which also supposes old full grade (IE *leuḱ- or louḱ-). The Arm. n-fomation might be connected somehow with the Greek nasalinfix, which reappers also in Lith. dial. (Zem.) lųnšis. - Details and further connections in Bq, WP. 2, 411 f., Pok. 690, Fraenkel Wb. s. lū́šis, Vasmer Wb. s. rýsь. - Fur. 121 adduces considerations that show that it is in origin a non-IE word. The word has been connected with the root *leuḱ- `see' and would refer to the sharp sight of the animal. But this cannot explain the long ū of Balto-Slavic. Nor can the -n- be explained; nor the g of Gr. λύγγ-ιος. So the word is non-IE, prob. a loan from a Eur. substratum. - I see no reason to connect the gloss λουνόν λαμπρόν H. The PN Λυγκεύς may be cognate or not. S. also λυγγούριον.Page in Frisk: 2,141-142Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λύγξ 2
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12 λυγκός
Grammatical information: m. f.Other forms: λυγγός E. fr. 683.Compounds: As 1. member in λυκό-λυγξ `wolflynx' (pap. in Sb. Heidelb. 1923: 2, 14, 13); λυγγούριον ( λυγκ-, λιγκ- u. a.) n. kind of amber (Thphr., Delos IIIa), s. v.Derivatives: λυγκίον dimin. (Callix.), λύγγιος `of the lynx' (Edict. Diocl.). On ambivalent PN Λυγκεύς (Hdt., Pi.) s. Boßhardt 130f.; from there λυγκεύς as name of an eye-salve (medic.).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.Etymology: Old name of the lynx, found also in Armenian, German and Balto-Slavic. Except for the nasal λύγξ has a counterpart in Lith. consonant stem lūš-ų (gen. pl.), with as innovation the i-stem lū́š-is. The same transformation show the Slav. words, which however through influence of an other word (* rysъ `sotted, red'?) got an initial r-: Russ. rýsь etc. Also elsewhere transformstions have occurred: with thematic vowel in Swed. lō `lynx' (PGm. * luh-a-, IE *luḱ-o-); with s-sufflx in Westgermanic: OHG luhs, OE lox (cf. Germ. Fuchs, OE fox); with n-suffix in Arm. lus-an-un-k` (ἅπ. εἰρ.) pl., which also supposes old full grade (IE *leuḱ- or louḱ-). The Arm. n-fomation might be connected somehow with the Greek nasalinfix, which reappers also in Lith. dial. (Zem.) lųnšis. - Details and further connections in Bq, WP. 2, 411 f., Pok. 690, Fraenkel Wb. s. lū́šis, Vasmer Wb. s. rýsь. - Fur. 121 adduces considerations that show that it is in origin a non-IE word. The word has been connected with the root *leuḱ- `see' and would refer to the sharp sight of the animal. But this cannot explain the long ū of Balto-Slavic. Nor can the -n- be explained; nor the g of Gr. λύγγ-ιος. So the word is non-IE, prob. a loan from a Eur. substratum. - I see no reason to connect the gloss λουνόν λαμπρόν H. The PN Λυγκεύς may be cognate or not. S. also λυγγούριον.Page in Frisk: 2,141-142Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λυγκός
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13 πελιδνός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `blue, dark color, lurid, bloodshot' (Hp., Arist., Nic.; also Th. a. com.?; s. bel.)Other forms: Beside it πελιτνός, by gramm. identified as Att., so to be restored in Th. 2, 49, Alex. 110, 17 ?Derivatives: Enlarged πελιδν-ήεις (Marc. Sid.), - αῖος (Nonn.). From it - ότης f. `blue stain' (Aret., Gal.), - όομαι `to become blue etc.' (Hp., Arist.) with - ωμα, - ωσις (medic.). -- Also πελιός `id.' (Hp., D., Thphr., Nic. a.o.; on the meaning Capelle RhM 101, 38ff.) with πελι-ώδης (sch.), - ότης f. (medic.). - όομαι (Hellanic., Hp., LXX), from where - ωσις, - ωμα (medic., sch.), - αίνομαι (Hp.); πελλος ( πέλλος?) `id.' (S. Fr.?, Arist., Theoc. a.o.) with -ᾱ̃ς m. `an old person, very old man' (Hdn., H.). With γ-enlargement πελιγόνες m. pl. = γέροντες (Lac., Massal.), = οἱ ἐν τιμαῖς (Maced.; after Str. 7 Fr. 2); πελιγᾶνες οἱ ἔνδοξοι. παρὰ δε Σύροις οἱ βουλευταί H. -- Also Πέλ-οψ (Kretschmer Glotta 27, 5 a. 28, 236f.)?; quite uncertain.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Built like ὀπιδνός, ἀλαπαδνός, ὀλοφυδνός a.o., either as enlargement of πελιός or as transformation of the older πελιτνός, which has the same orig. only fem. suffix combination as Skt. páliknī f. from * pali-t-n-ī `grey' beside m. pali-t-á- (= Gr. *πελιτός; from there πελιτ-νός after the fem.?). If one sparates the t-suffix (cf. Skt. hári-, hári-t-a- `greenyellow, sallow'; s. χλόη, χλωρός) we arrive at an i-stem, which seems also retained in πελιός (prob. for *πελι-Ϝό-ς; cf. on πολιός), πελι-γόνες, - γᾶνες, perhaps also in πελλός (if from *πελι̯ός). But the last can also stand for *πελ-νός, for which esp. πιλνόν φαιόν H. (with restored - λν-) seems to speak(?). Still a different formation is shown by πέλεια, perh. also πελαργός (?; s. vv.). -- WP. 2, 53f., Pok. 804f., W.-Hofmann s. palleō w. rich lit. On the stemformation (partly hypothetical) Specht Ursprung 117, 187, 194. -- Cf. πολιός w. further connections. The forms in - δνος and those with - γ- rather suggest a Pre-Greek word (note also the deviant πιλνός).Page in Frisk: 2,498Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πελιδνός
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14 εἰλέω 1
εἰλέω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `press together, draw together, fence in' (Hom.)Other forms: Ep. Delph. also εἴλομαι in εἰλόμενος, εἰλέσθω(ν), Dor. El. Ϝηλέω, Att. sometimes ἴλλω, εἴλλω (cf. below), aor. ἔλσαι, ἐέλσαι (Ep.), med.-pass. ἀλήμεναι, ἀλῆναι, ἀλείς, perf. med. ἔελμαι, - μένος (Ep.), perfect preterite ἐόλει? (Pi., s. below); from there the new εἰλῆσαι, εἰλήσω, εἴλημαι, εἰλήθην (Ion. Hell.)Compounds: With prefix ἀπ(ο-), e. g. ἀπο-Ϝηλέω (El.), ἐξ-, e. g. ἐγ-Ϝηληθίωντι (Her.) = ἐξ-ειληθῶσι, κατ(α)-, e. g. κατα-Ϝελμένος (Cret.), προσ- ( προτι-), συν-ειλέω, -( ε)ίλλω etc. with diff. shades of meaning.Derivatives: Of the derivatives most have become formally and semantically independent: ἁλής, ἀολλής, ἐξουλή, ἴλη ( εἴλη), οὑλαμός (s. vv.). Further: βήλημα κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῳ̃ H.; i. e. Ϝήλημα, Mess. ἤλημα, κατ-, συν-είλησις `pressing together, what is pressed' or `what is drawn together' (Epicur. or Ael.), εἰληθμός ( εἰδ- cod.) συστροφή, φυγή H., προσείλημα ( κεφαλῆς) `turban' (Kreon Hist.; to 2?). From (Ϝ)ίλλω prob. Ϝιλσιιος gen. `adversity' (Pamphyl. IVa); unclear ἰλλάς `pressed together (?)' (S. Fr. 70, E. Fr. 837), cf. on 2. εἰλέω; lengthened ἰλλίζει, s. ib. S. also on εἶλαρ.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1138] *u̯el- `press together'Etymology: As the basis of εἰλέω, Ϝηλέω, to which belongs also ἀπελλεῖν (?, cod. - ειν) ἀποκλείειν H. (Aeol.), one may posit a nasal present *Ϝελ-νέω, which may be a variant of εἴλω \< *Ϝέλ-νω (Schwyzer 720; cf. also 693 w. n. 11, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 130). Beside it there is a reduplicated ἴλλω \< *Ϝί-Ϝλ-ω (mostly to 2., like ἰλλόμενος A. R. 2, 27, s. on 2.). (For εἴλλω vowelprothesis was assumed \< *ἐ-Ϝέλ-νω ( ἐ-Ϝέλ-ιω?; so Solmsen, s. below) which is now no longer possible, if not simply through (graphical) influence of εἰλέω. - The non-present forms were oirginally, as is to be expected, primary: aor. (Ϝ)έλ-σαι, perf. *(Ϝ)έ-(Ϝ)ολα in ἐόλει `(op)pressed' (Pi. P. 4, 233; coni. Boeckh)?, med. with secondary full grade (Ϝ)έ-(Ϝ)ελ-μαι, intr. aor. with zero grade (Ϝ)αλῆ-ναι; these forms were replaced by the innovations εἰλῆσαι etc. From the many IE words with an element u̯el-, only some Balto-Slavic formations can be considered as cognates of 1. εἰλέω. Thus Russ. válom `in mass', the instrumental of a noun * valъ (IE *u̯ōlos) with many derivatives, e. g. zavál `stoppage, blocking' (cf. Ϝήλημα); on the maning cf. esp. (Ϝ)άλις. An other instrumental in OCS Russ. velьmí `μεγάλως, very', from * velь (IE *u̯eli-). From Baltic: Lith. su-valýti `collect (grain), reap (together)'; further perh. Lith. veliù, vélti (with Russ. valjátь) `to full'; but see also on 2. εἰλέω. It is not always possible to distinguish εἰλέω `press (together)' and εἰλέω `wind'. - On the group see Solmsen Unt. 224ff., 285ff.; s. also Burdach NJbb. 49, 254ff.Page in Frisk: 1,456-457Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἰλέω 1
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15 νέομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `(happily) reach (some place), get away, return, get home' (Il.; on the aspect Bloch Suppl. Verba 38ff.); besides νίσομαι (- σσ-), only presentstem except for uncertain or late attestations of a supposed aorist νίσ(σ)ασθαι, often w. prefix. e.g. μετα-, ποτι-, ἀπο-, `drive, go, come' (Il.).Compounds: Also with prefix, esp. ἀπο-.Derivatives: 1. νόστος m. `return, home-coming, (happy) journey' (Il.), also `income, produce' (Trypho ap. Ath. 14, 618d; ἄ-νοστος `without yield' Thphr.); from it νόστιμος `belonging to the return' (Od.), also `giving produce, fruitful, feeding' (Call., Thphr., Plu.), NGr. `plaisant' (Arbenz 20 f., Chantraine Rev. de phil. 67, 129 ff., also Frisk Adj. priv. 8); denominative verb νοστέω, also w. prefix, e. g. ἀπο-, ὑπο-, περι-, `return, come home, jouney in gen.' (ep. poet. Il., also Hdt.) with ἀπο-, ὑπο-, περι-νόστησις f. `return, drawing back etc.' (late). -- 2. Νέστωρ, - ορος m. PN (Il.), litt. "who happily gets somewhere" v.t. conventional name without symbolic content; on the meaning (quite diff.) Palmer Eranos 54, 8 w. n. 4, also Kretschmer Glotta 12, 104f. against Meister HK228; from it Νεστόρεος (Il.; Aeol. for - ιος? Wackernagel Unt. 68f.), - ειος (Pi., E.), νεστορίς, - ίδος f. name of a beaker (Ath. 11, 487f).Etymology: The themat. rootpresent νέομαι, which because of νόσ-τος must stand for *νέσ-ομαι, agrees formally with Germ., e.g. Goth. ga-nisan `heal, be saved', OE ge-nesan `escape, be saved, survive', NHG genesen; semantically the connection between these verbs is, which agree also as to the confective aspect (Bloch Suppl. Verba 39ff.) to each other, immediately clear. Semantically farther off stands the also formally identical Skt. násate `come near, approach, meet smbody, unite'; if the also connected Nā́satyā m., dual. indicating the Aśvins prop. means "Healers, Saviours", it fits well with νέομαι, ga-nisan with the caus. Goth. nasjan `save', OHG nerian `save, heal, feed' (cf. νόστος, - ιμος) etc. Less clear is Alb. knellem `recover, become lively again'; Jokl WienAkSb. 168: 1, 40); non-committal the comparison with Toch. A nasam, B nesau `I am'; quite diff. Pedersen Tocharisch 160 f. (On ναίω `live' s.v.) Cf. also ἄσμενος. -- In νί̄σομαι (false νίσσομαι) one supposes generally a reduplicated *νί-νσ-ομαι; on the phonetical problems (one would have expected *νί̄νομαι) see Brugmann-Thumb 332 and (with diff. explanation) Wackernagel KZ 29,136 (= Kl. Schr. 1, 639) as well as Bechtel Lex. s.v. (s. also Schwyzer 287 and Lasso de la Vega Emer. 22, 91 f.). The usual connection with Skt. níṃsate (\< * ni-ns-) `they kiss, touch with the mouth' (e.g. Brugmann Grundr.1 II: 3, 106) is semantically rather in the air; cf. also Mayrhofer s.v. After Meillet BSL 27, 230 a. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 440 νίσ(σ)ομαι would rather be a desiderative with reduced vowelgrade and inner gemination; phonetically very difficult. -- Further details in WP. 2, 334f., Pok. 766f., Schwyzer 690 w. n. 4.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέομαι
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16 κάμπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bend, bow, curve' (Il., IA.).Other forms: fut. κάμψω, aor. κάμψαι, pass. καμφθῆναι (A., Th.; v. l. Ι 158), perf. pass. κεκάμφθαι (Hp.),Compounds: often with prefix, e. g. ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐπι-, περι-, συν-; as 1. member e. g. in καμψί-πους adjunct of Έρινύς (A. Th. 791 [lyr.]), meaning uncertain,Derivatives: Substant. 1. ( ἀνα-, ἐπι-, περι-, συγ-)καμπή `bow, curvature' (IA.) with κάμπιμος `bent' (E. IT 81, verse end; after πομπή: πόμπιμος, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 81); ἐπικάμπ-ιος `forming an ἐπικαμπή, bow, bend', milit. a. building techn. expression (Ph. Bel., Plb.). 2. ( ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐπι-, συγ- etc.) κάμψις `bow, curving' (IA.); s. Schwyzer 444 n. 11. 3. καμπτήρ, - ῆρος m. "bender, curver", as milit. and sport-term `bend, turning-point of the racing course' (X., Arist., Herod.) with καμπτήριος (sch.). 4. περικάμπτης `tergiversator' (gloss.). - Adject. 5. καμπύλος `bent, curved' (Il.; after ἀγκύλος, Chantraine Formation 250) with καμπύλη f. `crook' (Ar., Plu.), καμπουλίρ (= καμπυλίς) ἐλαίας εἶδος. Λάκωνες H., καμπυλότης `being curved' (Hp., Arist.), καμπύλλω `curve' (Hp.), also καμπυλεύομαι, καμπυλόομαι (medic.), καμπυλιάζω (Phot., Suid.); poet. lengthening καμπυλόεις (AP; Schwyzer 527). 6. ἐπι-, περι-καμπής `curved', from ἐπι-, περι-κάμπτω (vgl. Chantraine 426f., Strömberg Prefix Studies 101). 7. καμπτικός `flexible' (Arist., Poll.). 8. καμψόν καμπύλον H.; after γαμψός? (cf. Schwyzer 516, Chantraine 434, Stang Symb. Oslo. 23, 46ff.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: This root, which is well represented in Greek, has a verbal stem καμπ- without ablaut, with the primary verbal noun καμπ-ή (with καμπ-ύλος?) and κάμπ-τω with κάμψαι etc., and has in the other languages scattered nominal representatives, partly in metaph. meanings and therefore not always certain: Latv. kampis `curved wood, hook for a kettle', Lith. kam̃pas `corner, side, hidden place', also `curved wood at the collar (of a horse)', with which agree both Lat. campus `field' (prop. `(bow) Biegung, (lower field) Niederung'?) and a German. adj. `mutilated, lame', e. g. Goth. hamfs. "Beside it stands with final -b (cf. on σκαμβός) a Celtic adjective `curved', OIr. camm etc. (\< * cambo-; to which Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 3, 231 connects the brook- and place-name Kobenz \< * Kambantia); cf. further Campona GN in Pannonia). - Further there are in Baltic several words for `curved etc.' with u-vowel, Lith. kum̃pas `curved', Latv. kùmpt `become bent, verschrumpfen' a. o., which may have a reduced vowel-grade, but at the same time have a popular character and therefore can only be added here with reserve." The same applies perhaps even more to a few Skt. words: kumpa- `lame in the hand' (lex.) and, because of the meaning, Skt. kampate `tremble'; cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s.vv." More forms in Pok. 525, W.-Hofmann s. campus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. kam̃pas. - From κάμψαι perh. Lat. campsāre `sail around, bend off' (Span. cansar etc., Rice Lang. 19, 154ff.); from καμπή Lat.-Rom. camba, gamba (see Fohalle Mélanges Vendryes 157ff., Kretschmer Glotta 16, 166f.) and Alb. kāmbë `leg, foot' (Mann Lang. 17, 19 and 26, 380); from καμπύλος Osman. kambur `hump, humpy' \> NGr. καβούρης (Maidhof Glotta 10, 10); in Byz. γαμματίζω = κάμπτω, - ομαι Amantos assumes (s. Kretschmer Glotta 16, 179) a noun *γάμμα, *κάμμα. - I have maintained here Frisk's discussion, as it shows clearly how unreliable the material is; it is rather from a substratum language. To this comes that IE would require a form * kh₂mp-, a type that is quite rare. The conclusion can only be that καμπ- is of Pre-Greek origin. - Cf. on γαμψός and γνάμτω, for which I also arrived at this conclusion.Page in Frisk: 1,774-775Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάμπτω
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17 ῥίζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).Page in Frisk: 2,655-656Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥίζα
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18 ἄσβολος
Grammatical information: f. (m.)Meaning: `soot' (Hippon.). ἀσβολόεν μέγα, ὑψηλόν (= ψολόεν Latte), μέλαν H. (for μέγα read also μέλαν; its final ν was read as υ, which led to the interpretation of υψολοεν as ὑψηλόν).Other forms: Also ἀσβόλη f. (Semon.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown. One compared words for `ashes', `dry', like Gr. ἄζω `wither', Goth. azgo, OHG. asca `ashes'. But - βόλος would remain unclear; hardly to βάλλω. Fur. 154f considers it a substr. word, which is undoubtedly correct: note the rare group - σβ-. He compares σποδός `soot', which is unexplained. He further points to σποδίτης ( ἄρτος) `bread baked in hot ashes', which is also called σπολεύς (Philet. ap. Ath. 3, 114e; corrected by Frisk to *σποδεύς!) For δ\/λ cf. λαβύρινθος, Myc. dapu₂rito-. Finally, 393 n. 21 he asks whether the group is identical with ψόλος `soot' (A.); I think that this is most probable (but not to ψόθος `dirt'); on σπ\/ψ Fur. 393.Page in Frisk: 1,160-161Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄσβολος
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19 ἱδρώς
ἱδρώς, - ῶτοςGrammatical information: m., (f.)Meaning: `sweat', also metaph. of other wetness (Il.).Other forms: ep. dat. -ῳ̃, acc. -ῶ (cf. below)Compounds: Rarely in compp., e. g. ἱδρωτο-ποιέω (Arist.), δυσ-ίδρως `with bad sweat, difficulty of getting sweat' (Thphr.), also with transition in the o-declination, e. g. κάθ-ιδρος `covered with sweat' (LXX).Derivatives: Dimin. ἱδρώτιον (Hp.); ἱδρώεις `sweaty' (B.), ἱδρώδης `acconpanied with sweating' (Hp.), ἱδρωτικός `sudorific' (Hp., Thphr.); ἱδρῶα (?) pl. `heat-spots, pustules' (Hp. Aph. 3, 21; reading uncertain) with ἱδρω-τάρια, - τίδες `id.' (medic.; cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 102); ἱδρώιον `sweat-towel' (pap.); ἱδροσύναι pl. `efforts that produce sweat' (poet. inscr. Phrygia, Rom. empire). Denominative verbs: ἱδρώω `sweat' (Il.) with ἵδρωσις `sweating' (late) and ἱδρωτήρια pl. `sudorifics' (Paul. Aeg.); ἱδρώττω `id.' (Gal.; s. Schwyzer 732).Etymology: With ἱδρώς agrees Arm. k` irtn `sweat', which is based on an r-stem *su̯id-r-, which is also found in Latv. swiêdri pl., Alb. dirsë `sweat'. This r-stem was in Greek combined with an ō̆s-stem, which is seen in Lat. sūdor, if from *su̯oidōs. Like γέλως, ἔρως a. o. ἱδρώς was later tansformed to a τ-stem (Schwyzer 514). The s-stem is still seen in ep. acc. ἱδρῶ (to be read as - όα? Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 54), perh. also in dat. ἱδρῳ̃, if for - οῖ (doubtful; s. Chantraine 1, 211), and in several derivv.: ἱδρώ-ω, ἱδρώεις (s. Schwyzer 527; on this form, \< *- os-uent, Ruijgh, Lingua 28 (1971) 173), ἱδρώιον. - On the absence of the digamma in Hom. cf. on ἐμέω (other explanations are not better, Chantraine 1, 156). Cf. ἰδίω.Page in Frisk: 1,710-711Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἱδρώς
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20 μείρομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `get as share' (I 616), `divide' (Arat. 1054).Other forms: perf. act. 3. sg. ἔμμορε `got as share' (Il.), 3. pl. ἐμμόραντι τετεύχασι H., later also ἔμμορες, - ον (A. R., Nic.; s. below), μεμόρηκα (Nic.); perf. a. ppf. 3. sg. εἵμαρται, - το `is (was) decided by fate' (Il.), ptc., esp. in fem. εἱμαρμένη `fate' (IA.); Aeol. ἐμμόρμενον (Alc.), Dor. ἔμβραται εἵμαρται, ἐμβραμένα εἱμαρμένη H.; also (through innovation) βεβραμένων εἱμαρμένων H., μεμόρ-ηται, - ημένος (Man., AP).Compounds: Also with ἀπο- (Hes. Op. 578), ἐπι- (Vett.Val. 346, 6). As 2. member e.g. in κάμ-μορος ( κά-σμορος), ἤ-μορος; s. v.Derivatives: Several derivv., which however mostly have an independent position as opposed to the disappearing verb 1. μέρος n. `share etc.', s. v. -- 2. μόρος m. `fate, (fate of) death, violent death' (Il.; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 305 m. n. 75), `share, share of ground', also as land-measure (Mytilene, Western Locris). Diminut. of this μόριον n. `share, part, member of the body' (IA.), math. `fraction, denominator' with μοριασμός, - στικός (: *μοριάζω; Ptol., sch.), further the adj. μόριμος `by fate destined' (Y 302, Pi., A.), μόριος `belonging to de deathfate' (AP), prob. also μορίαι ( ἐλαῖαι), s. v., μορόεις `deathly' (Nic.). --3. μόρα f. name of a Lacon. section of troops (X.; on the accent Chantraine Form. 20). -- 4. μοῖρα f. `part, piece, piece of ground, share, degree, fate, (evil or good) fate, death-fate', also personified `goddess of fate' (Il.); compp., e.g. μοιρη-γενής `fate-, child of happiness' (Γ182; s. Bechtel Lex. s. v., v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 362; - η- anal.-metr. lengthening), εὔ-μοιρος `favoured' (B., Pl.). From this μοιρ-άδιος `destined by fate' (S. OC 228 cod. Laur.), - ίδιος `id.' (Pi., S.), - αῖος `belonging to fate' (Man.), - ιαῖος `measuring a degree' (Ptol., Procl.). - ικός, - ικῶς `acc. to degree' (Ptol., Vett.Val.); μοιρίς f. `half' (Nic.); μοιρ-άομαι, - αω `divide, be awarded one's share, share' (A., A. R.), - άζω = - άω (Anon. in Rh.). On μοῖρα and μόρος in gen. Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 361ff. -- 5. μορτή, Dor. - τά `share of the farmer' (Poll., Eust., H.). -- 6. μόρσιμος `destined by fate'; s. v.Etymology: The perfectforms Aeol. ἔμμορε (later taken as aor. 2, whence ἔμμορες, - ον) and Ion. εἵμαρται can be explained from *sé-smor-e resp. *sé-smr̥-tai (Schwyzer 769, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 174 f., 184); here the full grade yot-present μείρομαι \< *smér-i̯o-mai (Schw. 715); cf. e.g. φθείρω: ἔφθορα: ἔφθαρμαι. Init. sm- is seen also elsewhere, e.g. ἄ-μμορος, κατὰ μμοῖραν. -- Corresponding forms are nowhere found. Cognate may be the diff. built Lat. mereō, - ēre, - eor, - ērī `earn, acquire' (prop. *'get your share, acquire'?), which may also have sm- and may be identical with the yot-present in μείρομαι. Uncertain is the meaning of Hitt. marriya- ('break in pieces, make small'?), cf. Benveniste BSL 33, 140, Kronasser Studies Whatmough 122; we would have to assume an s-less variant. Hypothetic is the connection with the group of μέριμνα (Solmsen Wortforsch. 40 f. WP. 2, 690, Pok. 970, W.-Hofmann s. mereō. -- Of the nominal derivv. only μοῖρα requires a special explanation: one may start as well from an ο-stem μόρος as from an older consonant-stem *μορ- (Schwyzer 474). The o-vowel could be an Aeolic zero grade.Page in Frisk: 2,196-197Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μείρομαι
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Which — Which, pron. [OE. which, whilk, AS. hwilc, hwylc, hwelc, from the root of hw[=a] who + l[=i]c body; hence properly, of what sort or kind; akin to OS. hwilik which, OFries. hwelik, D. welk, G. welch, OHG. wel[=i]h, hwel[=i]h, Icel. hv[=i]l[=i]kr,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Which (Unix) — which is a Unix command used to identify the location of executables.which takes one or more arguments; for each of these arguments, it prints to stdout the full path of the executable that would have been executed if this argument had been… … Wikipedia
Also — Al so, adv. & conj. [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealsw[=a], alsw?, [ae]lsw[ae]; eal, al, [ae]l, all + sw[=a] so. See {All}, {So}, {As}.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] 2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too. [1913… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Which Wich? — is a chain of sandwich restaurants. The yellow and black clad franchise began in Dallas, TX. Their original location is at 1410 Main St. Dallas. Which Wich? has a growing number of franchisees. They are located in both the Galleria Dallas mall… … Wikipedia
Which Star Are You From — Infobox Television show name = Which Star Are You From caption = genre = Drama creator = developer = presenter = starring = Kim Rae won Jung Ryo won voices = narrated = theme music composer = opentheme = endtheme = country = KOR language = Korean … Wikipedia
Which Is Witch — Infobox Hollywood cartoon cartoon name = Which Is Witch series = Looney Tunes/Bugs Bunny caption = Title card for Which Is Witch director = Friz Freleng story artist = Tedd Pierce animator = Arthur Davis Gerry Chiniquy Ken Champin Virgil Ross… … Wikipedia
Which Doobie U B? — Infobox Album Name = Which Doobie U B? Type = Album Artist = Funkdoobiest Released = May 4, 1993 Recorded = Genre = Hip hop Pornocore Alternative Hip Hop West Coast Rap Length = Label = Immortal/Epic/SME Records Producer = DJ Muggs DJ Lethal DJ… … Wikipedia
also its milky juice — Balata Bal a*ta, n. [Sp., prob. fr. native name.] 1. A West Indian sapotaceous tree ({Bumelia retusa}). [Webster 1913 Suppl.] 2. The bully tree ({Minusops globosa}); also, its milky juice ({); also, its milky juice (}), which when dried… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English